{"payload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"fileTree":{"GPU/Directx9":{"items":[{"name":"DrawEngineDX9. PPSSPP 1. En última instancia, la elección entre Vulkan y DirectX11 en Baldur’s Gate 3 depende de tu hardware. 9. Advanced tab, change virtual memory. org / PPSSPP - Playstation Portable Simulator Suitable for Playing Portably / Developmentforums. Reload to refresh your session. . It's wild. Also making software is slow, Vulkan is a new API. 织田QJ. Dec 23, 2017 PPSPP best settings (Open GL vs directX vs Vulkan) windows 7/8/10. - 2021 Volvo S60 Recharge T8 Polestar Engineered - 415hp/495tq 2. DirectX 11 or OpenGL 4. advertisement Vulkan vs DirectX 11 If you're curious about what the choice means to begin with, all you need to know is that the choice between Vulkan and. Are there any visual effects or GPU timings that work better on Vulkan/OpenGL than on DirectX 11? Well, as far as I know, Vulkan overall is the best. The next two charts use the same configurations, but run a 4K resolution with a max MP/s throughput of 8. . forums. With more recent hardware you can (and want to) use DirectX 11, OpenGL 4, OpenGL ES 3. Atau setidaknya, komputer dengan CPU yang kurang mumpuni. The issue isn't so much programing man hours or having to do it from the ground up (compared to DirectX). OpenGLと比較するとフレームレートがかなり伸びており、片寄っていたCPU負荷が、見事に均一になっています。. Advanced tab, change virtual memory. A popular german game magazin said at the moment it is within measurement deviation wich one is better, vulkan seems to have more consistent frame times at the moment, but when perhaps optimized drivers from nvidia and amd come directx could get a small boost I think. anyway, vulkan (or dx12) is probably only give performance boost on multi-core rendering, not sure whether it will give much improvement on PSP emulation. PPSSPP 1. so maybe it is worth using. Until that changes developers will mainly use d3d11 (since it is universal to the last 3 Windows OS) and OpenGL or Vulkan depending on the game, because why shoot off one of your own legs right before a. Test On xiaomi redmi note 3 pro Android 8. Many. We should thank Larian Studios for letting us choose Vulkan or DirectX when launching BG3. Smae goes for PPSSPP , Vulkan is better in performance but due to his more recent construction it 's possible it could have some glitchs. Before you connect to the host, please go to your settings and choose DirectX Renderer. OpenGL has accumulated some cruft over the years, it's very easy to use something that shouldn't be used on modern GPUs. ini from a friend whose PC does not support Vulkan and is defaulted to DirectX, and 1. Vulkan was the default API during Early Access,. They tend to overengineer things, e. Open GL is the most traditional and stable solution, Vulkan is more new, unstable and usually is a. DirectX 12 > Vulkan > DirectX 11 But I can't tell because it just says "DirectX - Default" which doesn't tell me if it's using the newer or older APIs. joelolopez opened this issue on Apr 29, 2018 · 16 comments. 1. Vulkan™ is an open standard and cross-platform graphics API that is compatible with GCN architecture and also supports. DLSS and Vulkan. Using Vulkan or DX12 API while playing the game, Evil Genius 2 depends on the system you are using. ),vulkan is buggy on mac,open gl is flipping useless. org / PPSSPP - Playstation Portable Simulator Suitable for Playing Portably / General Discussion and AnnouncementsVulkan and Directx 11 Baldurs Gate 3. PPSSPP. The list was updated with this information just yesterday. Vulkan API generally works better for AMD graphics cards, while DX11 is better suited for Nvidia. 106. 3. Unfortunately AMD GPUs and Intel iGPUs suffer reduced performance (and may not support some features) due to driver limitations, so Direct3D. 2023👇👇👇Look at. PPSSPP 1. org / PPSSPP. With Vulkan there are extreme lags, especially at the beginning, as soon as you join the deathmatch. Coupled with easier extensibility and cross-platform support, I think Vulkan is the clear choice (I use both, because I'm a masochist). The's an old adage that you have to. Sadly, in last place was the fully open-source Radeon driver stack with Linux 4. Direct3D is only interesting for Intel users. DirectX Windows10 version enables best quality games and multimedia. OpenGL works via ICD interface, with is also taken advantage for Vulkan drivers, which doesn't work either on UWP or Win32 sandbox model. The only exception is Apple devices, but can run by using MoltenVK, I just don't have enough knowledge about it. PPSSPP Ultra Fast Settings For PC and Laptops No More Choppy Sounds. For example, I get about ~80fps on Vulkan and about ~100fps on DX11 with. Vulkan is well known for being extremely verbose. ;. TL;DR: Choose your tool based on your requirements. . vulkan vs DirectX . Rainbow Six Siege and World War Z have Vulkan and DirectX 11 available, and Vulkan is still faster at 4K and 1080p. PPSSPP. 1 Reply monkey-donkey • 4 yr. Then, when I restarted, that first load into the main menu would take like 5 minutes. In September 2016, PPSSPP 1. I actually recommend Direct3D 12 or Vulkan because they can improve performance on lower end hardware due to the lower CPU overhead. DX12/vulkan will not likely replace DX11/gl4. For Example: DirectX being the main graphics API, but fallback to OpenGL if the user isn't using Windows. Current time: 10-28-2023, 09:11 PM Hello There, Guest! ( Login — Register ) forums. #4. srdjan1995 Senior Member. Vulkan works on both but the performance tends to better in my experience using DirectX with Nvidia. For PCs with higher-end specs, Vulkan may not have any noticeable performance drops, but may exist for lower-end spec PCs. Both chips were turned to the highest scaling possible to where the FPS would dip. org / PPSSPP - Playstation Portable Simulator Suitable for Playing Portably / DevelopmentInformation gathered by the press and players seems to suggest some graphics cards work better with DirectX 11, while others with Vulkan. Or sometimes the app just crashes. O DirectX 12 é mais difícil de desenvolver jogos, mas a API existe há mais tempo que o Vulkan e pode ser mais familiar para os desenvolvedores. The next two charts use the same configurations, but run a 4K resolution with a max MP/s throughput of 8. 3622274 | 03. Post: #1. We generally recommend you use Vulkan, the default Graphics API. PPSSPP. As usual, the Android version will be rolled out gradually, you'll see it in the Play Store. Windows search "Advanced System settings". Support has also been added for many new systems and emulators. Where you are given the option to choose, DirectX, particularly the newest versions, is likely to provide a better overall gaming experience than OpenGL. DirectX 12 vs DirectX 11 – Draw call overhead reduction. Both are graphical APIs, basically how the graphics of the game are rendered. On mobile vulkan requires atleast a GPU capable of OpenGL ES 3. If your PC uses an Nvidia graphics card (RTX or GTX), DirectX 11 seems to be the better choice right now. It's not perfect, but it's pretty close and better in many cases than OpenGL. is vulkan better than DirectX? vulkan vs DirectX . With DirectX 12, Microsoft resolved that problem by building support. opengl versus vulkan #10989. Vulkan VS Directx 11 title < > กำลังแสดง 1-13 จาก 13 ความเห็น. " Fair enough. Ini dapat mencakup frekuensi gambar yang lebih baik dan efek visual lanjutan. In Android 11 and later with PPSSPP 1. for older ppsspp version opengl was better. DirectX 12 in PPSSPP? 11-15-2015, 01:36 PM . Post: #1. The latest Windows development builds now has a D3D 11 backend, which will show up if you have Windows 8 or newer. 0 (GIT@57b2403, l5b4d9e2348) (Date:09/27/18). Work has also continued on improving Android 12 support, fixing several bugs. During heavy workloads you will have 50% less FPS with. Vulkan vs. DirectX 12 in PPSSPP? 11-15-2015, 01:36 PM . Udah, itu aja. But closing in on seven years old at time of writing, it also has a past - early drivers for a new API often have crippling bugs, and Vulkan is no exception. It's not a CPU, but it shows how Vulkan uses CPU. Vulkan drivers are actually even more spotty than OpenGL drivers on some Android devices, especially older ones, so sometimes OpenGL is the best option. Windows search "Advanced System settings". Then, to run in Vulkan, append '-vulkan' to the game's command line settings. 1 and 10. They work much better on NVIDIA cards because the NVIDIA driver forces a game's rendering into multiple threads, whereas the AMD driver doesn't. DirectX 11 is much more suitable for older hardware when playing BG3, given that the API runs on a broader spectrum of devices compared to the Vulkan. Vulkan¶ PPSSPP's Vulkan renderer can be used by setting RetroArch's video driver to vulkan. In case it's not just try a different one. Download DirectX 12 for Windows 10 (64-Bit 32-Bit). Vulkan Or Direct 3d For Ppsspp Reddit Pc Vulkan Or Direct 3d For Ppsspp Reddit Download When it comes to development for consoles, developers have single hardware for a particular brand (PlayStation, Nintendo, Xbox, etc): single processor, single graphics card, a particular or same memory, same control input system, and other identical hardware. In. . Hi, just wondering if by chance you can help me set up Xenia and get forza motorsport 4 on it , I’m new to pc and can’t seem to figure it out and there isn’t much information out there to help , if ya can help me get it working I’d appreciate it a lot , please and thanks . But that's just my personal opinion. 15. Vulkan has been better for me over long play sessions. One interesting thing about CS2 with Vulkan is that it uses much more RAM compared to DirectX 11. 영상에서는 기존 OpenGL 보다 Vulkan이 CPU 코어 활용성이 좋고 에너지를 덜 쓰는 것을 비교해서 보여주고 있네요. 16. Originally posted by TheBlasterMaster™: Originally posted by Pandoron: When you calculate both up to 100% GPU, DX11 is actually faster than Vulkan. OpenGL games (and more recently Vulkan games) typically "just work". 2) Type dxdiag and click OK. Baldur’s Gate 3 DirectX 11 – Old but stable technology. With Vulkan 1. The Vulkan API is under constant development, with an ever-growing pool of extensions to solve problems and add valuable new features. Since the update last week, a subsequent patch -- PPSSPP 1. PPSSPP. On the other hand, DirectX 12 is a low-level API and a different beast than DirectX 11. Under your graphics API, you should have a selection of either open GL, directX, or vulkan. For triple-A games, it seems like an obvious choice to support Vulkan vs OpenGL. be. 1. ago. [v1. cpp","contentType":"file. Windows. If your GPU supports it, Vulkan is now recommended. Es. Vulkan was the default API during Early Access,. It is most recommended for demanding less of your CPU, thus being the fastest. The PSP emulator, PPSSPP [ Official Site ], recently had a pretty big release which now defaults to Vulkan as the main renderer. Vulkan is the evolution of OpenGL fyi (sort of OpenGL++++ ) I use DX11 or DX12 for PCSX2 and no problems so far well not hardware wise at least. Vulkan的最大任务不是竞争DirectX，而是取代OpenGL，所以重点要看和后者的对比。 在高分辨率、高画质、需要GPU发挥的时候， Vulkan 、OpenGL的速度基本差不多，但是随着分辨率的降低，CPU越来越重要，Vulkan逐渐体现了出来，尤其是看看GTX 980 Ti，最多可以领先OpenGL 33. • 10 mo. The new graphics libraries require a LOT more work to set up, and while they can offer more performance when well architected, for many solutions it is still more efficient to use the previous Gen API. that results from speed being too low. We generally recommend you use Vulkan, the default Graphics API. If a game already uses the Vulkan API, like Doom Eternal, there's no reason to set its output to Direct3D to then translate it to Vulkan. Default DirectX 11 (DX11) currently used in Update 4 and still available in Update 5. org / PPSSPP - Playstation Portable Simulator Suitable for Playing Portably / Developmentjust open config file, with notepad, find gpu and change "any" to vulkan or the other , wel type it in ,and save file. Vulkan has been proven to have better performance than DirectX 11; however, this vastly depends on your computer's components. The Game Uses Direct3D 12. Vulkan Vs DirectX 11 . 逆に言えば、OpenGLを使った今のLinux用のゲームは、この動画みたいにCPU. This is great, especially since PPSSPP is free and open source under the GPL and you can check it out on GitHub. Rtx 3060 here and Directx11 is running better for me. PPSSPP. Crashes PPSSPP after the opening intro. BlueLightning Mar 13 @ 2:14am. Software like Dolphin,PPSSPP and RetroArch get constant tearing issues that I dont get with other API's like Directx 11 or 12. It is a fork of the OpenGL API and is based on AMD's Mantel API. Download PPSSPP 1. B! Hatena. Vulkan supports basically everything it can (non proprietary to an OS for the win) and due to that it evolves at a faster pace and can have an immediate higher adoption rate then any DirectX could. #4. After a quick test, the DirectX 12 works very nicely for me, about the same performance as Vulkan and no glitches or issues so far. Vulkan vs DX12 for Evil Genius 2. 2892 1. Settings were exactly the same. 4FPS compared to DirectX’s 270. Hideout: DX11 96fps, Vulkan 68fps Juiced map (40% delirious, 4 scarabs, 4 sextant, double beyond, Alva): DX11: 7 to 140 fps, 40-60 fps average in average fight, 20 fps average in. At the end of the day, the decision depends on how your PC runs either API. The most important reason is the performance on Nvidia graphics cards. Usually, DirectX 12 will give you a better gaming experience. Vulkan is a new clean-sheet graphics API -- in the same way that OpenGL, Apple's Metal, and Microsoft's DirectX/Direct3D are graphics APIs. Vulkan is getting me some solid results, even on my NVidia GPU. ; Vulkan may have occasional 0. D3D11¶ PPSSPP's Direct3D 11 renderer can be used by setting RetroArch's video driver to d3d11. Vulkan is a more direct connect to hardware (bare metal), thus it has less overhead to manage and control 3D in the game directly. The result is stable, polished, and playable games. But it's not even out yet. Las API de bajo nivel aprovechan mejor los recursos de la GPU, liberando de carga a la CPU, pero también son capaces de aprovechar mejor los procesadores de múltiples núcleos que tenemos en la actualidad. The upside to OpenGL and old DirectX 11 is that they give developers a library of different ready-to-use routines that are reasonably easy to use. Quote: OpenGL is basically (sadly) broken on AMD GPUs until further notice. PPSSPP. more advanced PCs fewer performance drops may not even notice optimal way to experience. Moje otázka zní, jaký je mezitím rozdíl? Graficky mi to přijde absolutně totožné, akorád (což je dobře) je masivní nárust při Vulkanu až o 30fps. If you are playing on Steam Deck, DirectX 11 is the way to go. Intel released a bug in their driver software about a year ago with OpenGL rendering. Now in 2018, there is an additional third option available to developers — Direct3D11 support! Targeting this API will of course limit you to Windows 7 and later. When launching Baldur's Gate 3, you are faced with the choice of playing with DX11 or Vulkan mode. You should use Vulkan in general, and OpenGL if you encounter issues. Select the drive you wanna use (faster is better), click on custom size, and set both options as the installed amount of ram, in MB, multiplied by 1. What is PPSSPP? PPSSPP is a PSP emulator on which work was started back in 2012 by Henrik Rydgård, a co-founder of Dolphin emulator. Vulkan . We are actively working on performance. Both chips were turned to the highest scaling possible to where the FPS would dip. 1+). Lenovo 720S Touch 15. Developers have have to do a lot more manually in Vulkan, and many of the cases that get the best performance boosts in Vulkan are things like drawing scenes with lots of objects. The two APIs have accomplished some great improvements in terms of performance. 8 and Mesa 12. PPSSPP's Direct3D 11 renderer can be used by setting RetroArch's video driver to d3d11. Vulkan give me less cpu dependence but stuttering. DirectX 12 in PPSSPP? 11-15-2015, 01:36 PM . Should '-dx11', '-dx9', '-opengl' or '-gl' already be present in the command line, make sure the remove the respective entry and replace it by '-vulkan'. However, according to the documentation, you must bypass all Vulkan layers, since layers can modify non-dispatchable handles and the OpenGL. And. - 2021 Volvo S60 Recharge T8 Polestar Engineered - 415hp/495tq 2. Additionally, both Vulcan and DX12 are more effective in using multi-core CPUs than DX11. You can cover most users with OpenGL + DirectX, so it's good to keep them. 5 has support for Vulkan, the new faster way to draw graphics. * OpenGL accuracy is 10 times better than Dx. Vulkan has been great so far. * Various Vulkan performance improvements (like #10911) and memory allocation fixes. But truly, the real test comes from minimum frame rate – which is almost double the difference. If you have any experience with Vulkan, it’s a very similar architecture to DirectX 12. 0 API for 6 th Generation Intel® Core™ processors and related processors. XGUNNARX Aug 13 @ 11:05pm. In order to change game engine, you must. Actually performance wise there is no reason dx12 > Vulkan. DirectX is primarily supported on desktop devices, while Vulkan is cross-platform and works on both desktop and mobile devices. 109 FPS at 98% GPU equals to 111FPS at 100% GPU. Udah, itu aja. PPSSPP. 16. On Resident Evil 4 Wii Edition, I’m getting a static line running the width at of the bottom of the screen. Most of the major game engines have proper Vulkan support. Vulkan is a cross-platform 3D graphics and computing API that is meant for high-performance 3D graphics applications focused on modern hardware. If you do in vulkan, will run, but you will waste too much time learning it. srdjan1995 Senior Member. Vulkan is a low-overhead, cross-platform 3D graphics and computing API. All the graphics settings in both CS2 and CSGO2 are at highest, resolution is 2560x1440. 4. At least Vulkan is providing me with the same speeds compared to DirectX 11with Asynchronous Ubershaders (hybrid). ago. But this also varies from game to game. It's not only somewhat slower but also broken visually for most games. DirectX: Platforms. on GPU Limited, DX11 has better FPS, Vulkan is more stable after loadings and uses less CPU but higher VRAMFull Video: Devil May Cry 3 Special Edition00:30 Naruto Shippuden Ultimate Ninja 501:01 Mortal Kombat Armageddon01:42 Gran Turismo 402:13 God of War II02:44 Dragon. Open GL is the most traditional and stable solution, Vulkan is more new, unstable and usually is a plus of performance. "In Red Dead Redemption 2, there is no visual difference between selecting Vulkan or DirectX 12. It seems this glitch appears if I switch on the flashlight on the main character. Current time: 11-17-2023, 11:17 PM Hello There, Guest! (Login — Register). dx 11 for me was always more stable but bad performance. 0L 4cyl. Snowblind Engine games (Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance, Champions of Norrath) can be >50% faster in some scenes). Please let me know in the comments! OpenGL is the most stable option, Vulkan the most efficient. The next two charts use the same configurations, but run a 4K resolution with a max MP/s throughput of 8. Dx12 and Vulkan are basically the same, have the same problems and advantages. With an AMD GPU, DirectX 11 and Vulkan run nearly identically. Performance, as well as usage of CPU/GPU in Vulkan, is in a more balanced way in comparison with DirectX collections such as Direct3D 11, Direct3D 12,. It helps. First, it may be. VulkanSceneGraph (VSG), is a modern, cross platform, high performance scene graph library built upon Vulkan graphics/compute API. Vulkan runs fine. So as long as it doesn't kill performance, OpenGL is the better choice. Khronos updated the list of "conformant products" with Vulkan, OpenGL 4. This is the latest and fastest API currently. Directx 11 more performance and zero stuttering. #4. Here is what we recommend: If your PC has an AMD or Intel GPU, use Vulkan; If your PC has an Nvidia GPU, use DirectX 11; To spare you the complex technical details, these settings will give you. No, Vulkan is open-source, while DirectX is proprietary. 95 Ghz PBO (than with OpenGL, we’re seeing a fierce competition erupt between Microsoft’s DirectX 12 and Khronos Group’s Vulkan graphics APIs. . With DX11, I got slowdown that forced me to restart the game every 2-3 hours. Directx Vulkan 06-06-2020, 09:52 PM . Post: #1. Vulkan 1. Since Direct3D 12 is almost fully on par with Vulkan, there's nothing to gain by translating one ultra-modern graphics API to. SO: Windows 10 x64 GPU: Nvidia 820M and Intel HD 4600 (I'm using the Nvidia gpu by default) The drivers and the emulator are updated. I use two shaders: "Super Sampling AA (Gauss)" and "CRT Hyllian". anyway, vulkan (or dx12) is probably only give performance boost on multi-core rendering, not sure whether it will give much improvement on PSP emulation. umopson^ Aug 3 @ 10:13am. If stability is your main concern, it is. Until that changes developers will mainly use d3d11 (since it is universal to the last 3 Windows OS) and OpenGL or Vulkan depending on the game, because why shoot off one of your own legs right before a. As I know v331 is the lastest opengl version that we have. 7. The default API option is set to Valkan in Baldur’s Gate 3 when you launch the game. Vulkan presents a potential performance increase over DX11 in most cases, though may be slightly less stable for now. However with older graphics like yours, it may not be compatible even if it's available. AMD RX Vega cards run significantly better with Vulkan than with DirectX11. Vulkan Vs DirectX 11 . Edit 2: Used a ppsspp. On vulkan you may face CTD sometimes! DX11 is the most stable api for this game. Both Vulcan and DX12 are "low level" APIs which means they are closer to the hardware with less other software in between, so in theory there should be less overhead and better performance. Secondly, DirectX is better if you can stick only to Windows. With the OpenGL results, the performance between Windows 10 and AMDGPU-PRO on Linux were close to the same. , likewise Vulkan and D3D12 share the ideas of descriptor sets and pipeline state objects. PPSSPP, and PTWOE are some of the best PS2 emulators for android. Generally, the Vulkan API is the best option when playing Valheim. Learning Vulkan first. Tentunya hal ini tergantung dari game dan juga device yang digunakan. I tested on opengl v140 and v331 and vulkan 1. PPSSPP's Vulkan renderer can be used by setting RetroArch's video driver to vulkan. Vulkan runs fine. Quote Earlier this week, Detroit: Become Human was announced to be coming to the PC platform alongside Quantic Dream’s other two PlayStation exclusives, Heavy Rain and Beyond: Two Souls. #5. Since Vulkan is an AMD technology and they (obviously) optimise their drivers for it (and to an extent the hardware) this often means that the same thing using DX11 vs Vulkan on an AMD card sees a significant performance boost. forums. vulkan is an amd offspring. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright. PPSSPP for Android (free) Download APK of PPSSPP Free. Also (as a last resort) Wine struggles with DX10 and doesn't really work with DX11. Vulkan mampu memberikan hasil yang unggul signifikan. 3. org / PPSSPP - Playstation Portable Simulator Suitable for Playing Portably / DevelopmentComments (11) (Image credit: Gunnir) According to a recent Intel Q&A, the company confirmed that driver optimizations for Arc GPUs -- relating to poor performance in DirectX 11 and 9 games -- is. 5. Peet Aug 3 @ 11:21am. 前言对PC玩家来说（主机平台基本软硬件都固定了），游戏流不流畅，帧数高不高首要影响因素肯定是硬件，尤其对于显卡大头来说，但是不要忘记还有一个软件层面的因素，比如说显卡驱动、游戏. Thus far, DirectX seems to provide better performance than Vulcan, which, in reality, is not so far behind. 518b7cbc7dPosts: 2,045. With DX11 even with 8700k i got 45fps in big cities and gpu usage to 70%. However, if you are on an older Intel graphics card the DirectX one may be better. Direct3D is only interesting for Intel users. Nice, I wasn't aware of those using Vulkan, especially Dolphin. * DX11 would be a bit faster if you're GPU limited. OnePlus 11 5G - 16GB RAM, 256GB NAND, Eternal Green. OnePlus 11 5G - 16GB RAM, 256GB NAND, Eternal Green. Dec 04, 2017 PPSSPP Now Supports Vulkan Graphics API for Smoother PSP Emulation. Analog mapping for fast-forward (#15645)directx 11, is best for nvidia gpu’s in genral, directx9 for older gpu’s(because they cant do directx11), and vulcan for amd gpu’s. The latest patch introduces the Vulkan API to our favourite Viking survival game. I once experienced some hard flashing lights during Sirus once but other than that no difference for me. Significantly faster in some cases (e. MainStorm • 2 yr. For example, in Tales of Phantasia X - on a powerful desktop with a decent video card - OpenGL slows down when entering battles. OnePlus 11 5G - 16GB RAM, 256GB NAND, Eternal Green. RE: Direct x 11 new mode is more better that opengl? v1. #5. Because there is a lot of work to do to make a good reliable game engine. Vulkan supports Linux, Windows, and Mac, while DirectX is exclusive to Windows. Vulkan is WAY better for me in every way. PPSSPP. Untuk kamu yang menyukai bermain game. 3 specification was released today, incorporating and mandating proven, developer-requested. Login. If I could I would erase every tiny little piece from directx out of the computer history. r/emulation. In future new extensions will added in OpenGL which is.